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Tuesday, October 31, 2017

Fake Quotations: People are *that* gullible.

In addition to the quotations we examined today, sometimes quotations can be blatantly misattributed or made up for effect. Case in point:



These are all Hitler quotes, not Taylor Swift quotes. According to Buzzfeed, the most popular Taylor Swift quote had 277 repins on Pinterest.

That's not all!

I am a dreamer, but I dream as a child of #god. #bvotd #beauty #inspiration #christian #truth #bible #saved #nature
More #inspiration for your weekend. Praise the Lord! #bible #christ #christian #God #beauty
And it makes me wonder about the path I'm on... #bible #christ #christian #bvotd #daily #scripture #f4f #sunday #reflection #God #godisgood #saved #unashamed

Instagram Account @gavinwhitacre shares "Inspirational Bible Verses" that are actually classic rock lyrics. (The above lyrics are by John Lennon, Bob Dylan, and Led Zeppelin)

Misattribution is a powerful device and can change the way we view the world. "Gavin" has more than 500 followers on Instagram, and the comments imply people believe the verses are legitimate.

The lesson learned: Don't take what you read on the internet for granted!

Re: The Incident in Manhattan

Falsehood, Propaganda, and Fake News I

Fake Quotations: A Case Study of Unintentional (but Sloppy) Falsehood

 

Source material for the Oliver staff.

A remarkable coincidence of timing:  a couple of days before we were to discuss fake quotations -- and while I was attending Stan Lee's L.A. Comic Con -- I had this Twitter exchange:

Yes, that Hamill.

A couple of relevant sites:
The Blood Libel

Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Victoria Saker Woeste:
The propagandists behind the “Protocols” attributed extraordinary power to the media. A section titled “Control of the Press” “reveals” that Jews seek to control every aspect of the media to protect their new, worldwide government from attack or criticism. Through false stories and skewed analysis, the Jewish-controlled media would lead the masses to see the world not as it was, but as Jews wished it to be seen: “Our subjects will be convinced [of] the existence of full freedom of speech and so [will] give our agents an occasion to affirm that all organs which oppose us are empty babblers.”
Fake news, then, begins as Jewish infiltration of the legitimate media and transforms into complete domination: “Not a single announcement will reach the public without our control.”

The first American to put the “Protocols” before a mass audience was Henry Ford. Long before the “Protocols” reached America, Ford had adopted the belief that Jews had started World War I in order to profiteer from it. Further, he thought he could best spread the word about outsize Jewish influence on world affairs if he had his own newspaper with which to reach the American people directly. So he started the Dearborn Independent.
Like many anti-Semites, Ford did not need to be persuaded that Jews controlled the media. The man who invented mass production for cars knew that the best way to market his ideas was to control how they were distributed. He used the Independent, a paper that derived its credibility from Ford’s sterling reputation, to weave conspiratorial theories about Jewish control of nearly every aspect of American politics and society.
Still around -- Alex Jones's less-than-full-throated reaction

Fake News and War

Fake 1897 newsreel
The Allies' Revenge Hitler's Jig

John Ford's December 7... some real footage, but a lot of .... (about 45 minutes in)






Altered Iraq Photo

Soviet Operations During the Cold War

INFORMATION OPERATIONS AND FACEBOOK

Going Beyond Facebook

Examples of Fake Facebook posts from 2016 



Should government regulate social media?

As countries around the world grapple with the challenges of fake news, some countries are taking drastic steps to intervene. This month, a new law imposing hefty fines on social media sites (with at least 2 million users) that fail to delete posts violating German law went into effect.

Mind your Tweet history, Sean Hannity.

In the age of Twitter, any voter can easily fact check statements (Tweets) made by a candidate and their surrogates and supporters. While this tweet might have seemed benign last year, today, it's not the most flattering tweet for the Trump administration.

Newt Gingrich's statement & Sean Hannity's endorsement of that statement have a very different connotation in light of yesterday's indictments. It's difficult to tell how much splash this tweet resurfacing will make in the long run. At the very least, it's a reminder to all of us in this class to watch who we plug (and how we plug them) on social media.

Monday, October 30, 2017

Let's Play the Game!

I thought that the most recent White House press briefing, concerning the Muller investigation,  would be a great opportunity to play the spin game! 

Sunday, October 29, 2017

Solution to Fake News: Community Building?

One of the readings we have for this week, "Facebook and Information Operations," illustrates how and why fake news spread so quickly during the 2016 election. At the end of the reading, there is a discussion of possible solutions to fake news, including technological innovations to better identify false amplifiers and helping people who are at-risk of having their online information stolen. The final solution is "supporting civil society programs around media literacy."

In an article published in the New York Times, there is a quote from Mark Zuckerberg that shows his belief that fake news can best be combatted by better equipping the target audience of fake news with the media literacy skills necessary to identify what is real or not. He "has said publicly that strengthening social bonds on Facebook will lead to a positive outcome, despite whatever reservations his employees and the general public may have."

Thursday, October 26, 2017

Check it out!







Bias II

Some reminders
==============================================================



  Ideological or Partisan Bias


 






Midlife mortality from “deaths of despair” across countries


White non-Hispanic midlife mortality from “deaths of despair” in the U.S. by education


Graph1-Shafer-ByTuckerDoherty-crop.jpg
Former NPR CEO Ken Stern:
It’s not that media is suppressing stories intentionally. It’s that these stories don’t reflect their interests and beliefs.
It’s why my new friends in Youngstown, Ohio, and Pikeville, Ky., see media as hopelessly disconnected from their lives, and it is how the media has opened the door to charges of bias.
The mainstream media is constantly under attack by the president. They are “frankly disgusting,” “tremendously dishonest,” “failing,” “they make up the stories” and are now threatened with loss of broadcast licenses if they continue to author “fake news.” And that is just a random Wednesday’s worth of words from Donald Trump.
Some may take pleasure in the discomfort of the media, but it is not a good situation for the country to have the media in disrepute and under constant attack. Virtually every significant leader of this nation, from Jefferson on down, has recognized the critical role of an independent press to the orderly functioning of democracy. We should all be worried that more than 65 percent of voters think there is a lot of fake news in the mainstream media and that our major media institutions are seen as creating, not combating, our growing partisan divide.
Some of this loss of reputation stems from effective demagoguery from the right and the left, as well as from our demagogue-in-chief, but the attacks wouldn’t be so successful if our media institutions hadn’t failed us as well.
None of this justifies the attacks from President Trump, which are terribly inappropriate coming from the head of government. At the same time, the media should acknowledge its own failings in reflecting only their part of America. You can’t cover America from the Acela corridor, and the media need to get out and be part of the conversations that take place in churches and community centers and town halls.
I did that, and loved it, though I regret waiting until well after I left NPR to do so. I am skeptical that many will do so, since the current situation in an odd way works for Trump, who gets to rile his base, and for the media, which has grown an audience on the back of Washington dysfunction. In the end, they are both short-term winners. It is the public that is the long-term loser.


Tuesday, October 24, 2017

Russia’s Favored Outlet Is an Online News Giant. YouTube Helped.

Link to a NYT article that describes how Russia utilizes YouTube as a "“principal international propaganda outlet” and implements it in internet "warfare" operations around the world. While Kremlin-aligned agents secretly built fake Facebook groups to foment political division and deployed hordes of Twitter bots to stoke criticism of Hillary Clinton, RT worked out in the open, bolstered by one of the largest online audiences of any news organization in the world and a prominent presence on YouTube’s search result. 

What do you think about Love Saxa?

Fox News released a story about a Georgetown University student group that promotes hetero-sexual marriage for the purpose of childbearing, recently other student groups have filed reports that Love Saxa is a hate group.

This is a statement for the president of Love Saxa:

"Love Saxa’s definition of marriage does not include same-sex couples, as we believe that marriage is a conjugal union on every level – emotional, spiritual, physical and mental – directed toward caring for biological children. To us, marriage is much more than commitment of love between two consenting adults.” 

Fox's first sentence of the article is this... "A Catholic student group at Georgetown University could be stripped of its funding for its belief in traditional marriage."

Can you imagine what CNN's first sentence of this article would be? I believe it would focus on the fact that they are ONLY recognizing and promoting a very close minded view on marriage.. Something like "Catholic Georgetown Student Group only believes marriage should be between a man and a woman receives school funding" ?

What are your views on Love Saxa? Do you believe they have a right to funding? Or do you believe they should be labelled as a hate group? 

Bias I



Perceptions of Bias

Affective Bias
Informational Bias
Ideological or Partisan Bias

Image courtesy of "The American Journalist in the Digital Age"

Does the mainstream media contribute to fake news?

In line with Graber's discussion of increasing distrust of media, POLITICO and Morning Consult found that about half of voters believe the media makes up stories about the Trump administration. This number skyrockets for Republicans, with 76% thinking the media fabricates news about Trump; only 20% of Democrats and 44% of independents voters agree.

Moreover, in addition to his usual complaints about the media, Trump suggested revoking NBC's broadcasting license. 

Monday, October 23, 2017

Kaspersky Labs' software removed from government systems

Here is an article describing a mechanism used by the Russian government to hack American covert operations.  Israel cyber-intelligence officers found that an anti-virus software, created by Kaspersky labs, can be used as a backdoor into hardware that it is currently running on. While Kaspersky has denied the allegations, the secretary of homeland security has ordered all Kaspersky software to be removed from US government electronics. 

Fake News Tester

How good are you at telling what's fake news and what's not? Factitious helps you check. The site was created by veteran journalist Maggie Farley, and when played on a phone, imitates Tinder's "swiping" concept.

Sinclair Broadcast Group Close to Merger with Tribune Media

Shareholders of Sinclair Broadcast Group voted overwhelmingly to approve the nearly $4 billion acquisition of Tribune Media this past Thursday. The deal would give Sinclair ownership over a "total of 223 TV stations serving 108 markets, including 39 of the top 50, that cover about 72% of U.S. households." The deal is pending regulatory approval from the FCC.

Actions of D.E.A. Exposed After Video Released Through Freedom of Information Act

Here is a link to an article showing the effects of a video released through a request filed under the Freedom of Information Act. Exposing the potential lies in a federal agency ties into class themes of skepticism towards the government, and since we have discussed the Freedom of Information Act I thought this was relevant!

The Psychology of Fake News

Here is an interesting article that discusses the psychology behind how fake news spreads. For instance, even articles spread jokingly by friends can start to feel real, simply due to the number of times we've seen a given headline. So, note to self, don't send around absurd articles because doing so may cause unforeseen damage!

Sunday, October 22, 2017

The Gold Star Controversy

Philip Bump at The Washington Post:



Thursday, October 19, 2017

Elections, Democracy, and the Internet

From last week:

  • "The 2016 election represents the latest chapter in the disintegration of the legacy institutions that had set bounds for U.S. politics in the postwar era.” 
  • "Much can be said and will be written about the Trump campaign’s formal data and social-media operation, but the real digital story of the 2016 campaign comes from beyond the campaign organizational chart."
Cambridge Analytica:

"What We Know and Don't Know" Clickbait Articles

Updated early this morning, this CNN article preys on Americas desire to know what really happened. 

This is a commonly used tactic that journalists apply to lure their audience in. The use of a shared "unknown" is attractive to News consumers. It creates a feeling of an "equal" playing field where they are allowed to imagine/assume the answers to the unknown. 

Wednesday, October 18, 2017

Fake News Ads in All Sorts of Places

This article discusses how fake news ads are showing up all over the place, including on sites designed to expose fake news! At Snopes and Politifact, you now may try to look up the veracity of a statement and be shown a completely false advertisement next to your true one!

Meanwhile, across the sea, Italy is now teaching students how to recognize fake news. This article discusses how fake news is not just an important issue for us in America, but it is also a major problem throughout the world, including in Italy. Italy is now addressing the problem with major steps to diminish the spread of fake news.

Thursday, October 12, 2017

Facebook Ads & Data Collection

As we talked about in class today, Facebook tracks your ad preferences and paints a picture of you. If you want to check out how Facebook has depicted you, visit this link:  https://www.facebook.com/ads/preferences

If you click on "Your Information" (third tab), and then click "Your Categories", 


For me, the three I've circled in Purple (US Politics - Moderate, Close friends of expats, and Frequent Travelers) are especially useful for advertisers in creating targeted content that I'll likely find agreeable. 

Facebook also knows your interests and can extrapolate based off your likes. Even likes that don't (on paper) say a lot about me are more revealing than I would think. For example, Facebook tells me that my ads are, in part, based off my "liking" of Sid Meier's Civilization computer game franchise. Liking a simple computer game tells Facebook that I'm interested in strategic games, and am interested in geopolitics.

The algorithms used are not perfect. Facebook can also get your information very wrong. Doing a little more digging, I found that the ad preferences thought I was a smoker and a 9/11 truther. Neither of these are true. Nevertheless, more often than not, the ads we get indicate the trail we leave on social media. Based off my activity, I get ads for LSAT prep, international travel, and classical music.

To the best of my recollection, I did not receive a deluge of Russia-funded Trump ads during the campaign season. That lack of campaign ads could very likely be due to my ad preferences - whoever targets users could look at my profile, assume (correctly) that they'd be wasting their money on me, and target a different user instead. 

Elections II

Campaign Strategy
Convention period

figure-2




Second Writing Assignment, Fall 2017

Pick one:

1.  Pick any candidate (other than Trump or Clinton) for any office in the 2016 campaign.  How did that candidate use social media?  What message was the candidate sending to what audience?  How effective was the candidate's use of social media?  (Use quantitative evidence where possible.)  In your answer, be sure to consider the connections among different media.  That is, tweets and Facebook posts often contain links to MSM sites, or other social media such as YouTube.  Conversely, social media posts often show up in MSM stories.

2.  Pick any book about the 2016 election (other than Defying the Odds).  Appraise the book's observations about the media in the election.  Is the treatment fair and balanced?  Does the book distort or omit important aspects of the media campaign?  In your answer, consider what we have learned about the election in recent months.

3. Track a false story in the 2016 campaign.  Was it a case of deliberate "fake news" or did it originate with an honest mistake?  How did it spread?  Was there any effort to correct the record by campaigns or media fact-checkers?  How effective were such efforts?

4. Compare and contrast how Gary Hart handled the 1987 Donna Rice story  (see the Bai reading) with the way in which a later presidential candidate dealt with a personal-life controversy (e.g., Bill Clinton and Gennifer Flowers in 1992, George W. Bush and his DUI in 2000, Trump and sexual harassment allegations in 2016).  Did the candidate handle it well?  If so, why? If not, what could the candidate have done differently?

5.  Pick any potential candidate for office in 2018 or 2020. (Examples here and here.)  Lay out a media strategy for that candidate.  Your strategy should include the message grid.  Which media should the candidate use to target which groups of voters, campaign workers and contributors?  In your answer, consider the candidate's likely resources.  (That is, will the candidate likely have a great deal of money, or will it be a shoestring budget?)

  • Essays should be typed (12-point), double-spaced, and no more than six pages long. I will not read past the sixth page.
  • Submit your paper as a Word document, not a pdf. 
  • Cite your sources. Use endnotes in Turabian format. 
  • Watch your spelling, grammar, diction, and punctuation. Errors will count against you. 
  • Return essays to the Sakai dropbox by 11:59 PM, Friday, October 27. Essays will drop one gradepoint for one day’s lateness and a full grade after that. I will grant no extensions except for illness or emergency.

Trump's Endless Media Fight

Trump gets even more upset with the press because NBC is concocting "pure fiction made up to demean" him! Has he read the First Amendment? We may never know...

Wednesday, October 11, 2017

Trump and the FCC

Trump really needs to review Graber, pp 46-48.
From  the FCC itself (emphasis added):
We license only individual broadcast stations. We do not license TV or radio networks (such as CBS, NBC, ABC or Fox) or other organizations with which stations have relationships (such as PBS or NPR), except to the extent that those entities may also be station licensees. We also do not regulate information provided over the Internet, nor do we intervene in private disputes involving broadcast stations or their licensees. Instead, we usually defer to the parties, courts, or other agencies to resolve such disputes.

Tuesday, October 10, 2017

Elections I



A stop-video exercise:



Horserace Journalism

Personality Journalism



The value of "free" or "earned" media (from the Patterson reading on pre-primary coverage):Source: Media Tenor. Based on amount of positive and neutral news coverage in eight news outlets—CBS, Fox, the Los Angeles Times, NBC, The New York Times, USA Today, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post— for the period January 1-December 31, 2015.

Oppo


Coverage during Jan-June 2016 (from the Patterson article on the primary season):

percentage of weekly news coverage

Democratic Candidate Coverage—Super Tuesday Period


RealClearPolitics polling average:




Texas Tech Police Officer Killed

NYTimes article recently posted about a campus lockdown at Texas Tech University. A college freshman was taken to the university police station for possession of drugs. At the police station, he pulled out a gun and shot the campus officer in the head. Eventually, he was caught and charged with evading arrest, any other charges are currently pending.

Hillary Clinton Explains Why She Lost on a Liberal Podcast


This episode from left-leaning Pod Save America, features an interview with Hillary Clinton discussing her new book What Happened. Listen to this after reading the articles for this week to see how her perspective differs from what really happened.

One excerpt to think about:
(Questions to keep in mind: Does she really answer his question? What does she insinuate about the media?)

Question [min 5 and 16s]: “So the excerpts of the book that have leaked out so far have set off another round of Bernie vs. Hilary recriminations, everybody’s favorite pastime. Now, I know that elsewhere in the book you give Bernie a lot of credit, you say that the debate is over blown, that you actually agree on most issues, but it seems like there’s still an important debate about what comes next for the party, that we should talk about. So, from the Spring, the Washington Post Poll found that 67% of voters found that Democrats were out of touch with the concerns of an average person, and that includes 44% of democrats. To turn this around, do you think that the democratic party needs to fundamentally change as an institutions  with regards to policy, or do you think it’s about sharpening our message, better technology in the party and stuff like that?”

Answer [min 6 and 2s]: “I’ve given this a lot of thought as you might guess because it is deeply distressing to me that we are painted like that. And I can only speak, again, from my own experience which I tried to relate in the book, I had such a different experience in 08, as you all know because you were part of the Obama campaign, once it was over it was over. And I quickly endorsed President Obama, really hard to get him elected, I was still arguing with my supporters at the Denver convention telling people don’t be ridiculous you’ve got to vote for Obama at the time, and I was thrilled that he got elected. I didn’t get anything like that respect from Sanders and his supporters, and it hurt. You know, to have basically captured the nomination ending up with more than four million votes than he had, and he dragged it out, and each vote was so reluctant, but why would we be surprised? He’s not a democrat, and that’s not a slam on him, that’s just a repetition of what he says himself.  
So what I’m focused on is people who are proud to be Democrats, people who want to defend the legacy of Democrats, of our last president and presidents before who have done so much to help so many Americans economically, and in terms of civil rights, and human rights, and I think we are facing a couple of very difficult obstacles. First, the other side has dedicated propaganda channels, that’s what I call Fox News. It has outlets like Breitbart and crazy Info Wars and things like that. In this particular election, it was aided and abided by the Russians and the role Facebook and other platforms played. We were late to that. We did not understand how a reality TV campaign would so dominate the media environment. And I confess, I was doing everything I can to build on the success of President Obama’s campaign I had a lot of people you guys know, but boy was it tough to break through. So, I think the Democrats can do a lot, but they are still going to face a very difficult media environment, and we need to figure out how we’re going to break through. I mean obviously more podcasts, more other ways of communicating so other voices can be heard and real positions can be part of it, but we’re still at a disadvantage."


A few quotes from articles:

“The invisible primary is the stage of the campaign where journalists have the most latitude in deciding what and who to cover. It’s also the stage where the press forges its “metanarratives”—its dominant personal narratives of the leading contenders.”

“As regards Clinton, she was the candidate best prepared for the presidency as a result of her experience and detailed knowledge of policy issues. But this positive metanarrative competed with more frequently employed negative ones—that she was difficult to like, overly calculating, and hard to trust. As for Sanders, the storyline was that he means what he says—that he speaks, not from what the polls say is expedient, but from what he believes.”

"The media coverage on one level mirrored the ratio of wins and losses rather than the ratio of delegates. Sanders received nearly as much press attention as did Clinton, getting 46 percent of the Democratic coverage to her 54 percent (see Figure 7)." 


“As journalists would have it, the Trump and Clinton camps were the cause of all the negativity. And it was certainly true that the election was unusually nasty. But to attribute the tone entirely to the opposing camps is to ignore the pattern of presidential election coverage during the past few decades (see Figure 3). Not since 1984—eight elections ago—have the presidential nominees enjoyed positive press coverage. The 2016 campaign did not even top the record for negativity. That distinction belongs to the 2000 campaign when news reports questioned whether Al Gore was trustworthy enough and George W. Bush was smart enough to deserve the presidency”